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									<li class="active"><a href="#one">HEAVY OFFSHORE  LIFTS</a></li>
									<li><a href="#two">STANDARDS AND GUIDANCE NOTES</a></li>
									<li><a href="#three">HAND SPLICED CABLE-LAID SLINGS </a></li>
									<li><a href="#">CABLE-LAID GROMMETS</a></li>
									<li><a href="#">BRAIDED WIRE ROPE SLINGS</a></li>
									<li><a href="#">ALTERNATIVE METHOD 
									OF TERMINATION CABLE-LAID 
									SLINGS FLEMISH LOCK®</a></li>
									<li><a href="#">WORKING LOAD LIMIT (WLL)</a></li>
									<li><a href="#">CONCLUSIONS</a></li>
									<li><a href="#">LITERATURE</a></li>
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					<h2><a href="" name="one">HEAVY OFFSHORE LIFTS</a></h2>
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							<p class="mr fs15 cf1 lh14">By</p>
							<p class="mb fs15 cf1 lh14">M.Sc. Pieter Kampers </p>
							<p class="mbi fs15 cf2 lh14">Wire Rope Consultancy </p>
							<br />
							
							<p class="mr fs15 cf2 lh14">17853 Tortellà, Spain </p>
							<p class="mr fs15 cf2 lh14">Avinguda de la Chiruca 20</p> 
							<p class="mr fs15 cf2 lh14">email : <a class="cf2 mbi"href="">kampers@telefonica.net</a></p>
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						<p>My name is Pieter Kampers and I’m a technical consultant with extensive knowledge of steel wire ropes and cable-laid slings. My experience was gained across the offshore steel wire rope and cable-laid sling construction industry during my employment with United Ropes in the Netherlands. I was representative of the Netherlands for the revision of PM20 in 1987 and member of TC 168 for developing the EN-standards of steel wire ropes and cable-laid slings and grommets. After the liquidation of United Ropes in 1993 I became an independent consultant for steel wire ropes, fibre ropes and heavy lift slings.
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						<span>In this article I will try to give an overview of big sling technology past and present.</span></p>
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					<h2><a href="" name="two"><span>HEAVY</span><br />OFFSHORE  LIFTS</a></h2>
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						Heavy offshore lifts are mostly carried out with cable-laid slings. They have proved to be extremely reliable and have built a reputation for safety that has not been compromised. All the world records in lifting have been done using cable-laid slings. Braided slings are also used for large lifts. In this article we will describe the strengths and weaknesses of these different slings and I will discuss a new, alternative method of sling termination which, in my opinion, can replace the older termination methods. <br /><br />
 
First we must establish what is heavy. In the literature (1) a heavy load is 50 tonnes and higher. But in the Offshore Industry most standards start with diameters of 100 mm (4”) and as the lifts are well designed and with low speeds a design factor of 3 is allowed. So, for Offshore a “heavy load” would be deemed to start at around 200 tonnes.<br /><br />

Lifting is (must be) done safely. The design of the lifts themselves is a very wide topic as each lift will be different. So this article will concentrate on one of the most important parameters required by the designers – the ultimate strengths according to the construction of the sling, the methods of termination and the various Standards that apply to them.<br /><br />
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					<h2><a href="" name="three">STANDARDS <span>AND</span><br /> GUIDANCE NOTES</a></h2>
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						Slings used in the European Offshore Lifting industry are, in general, manufactured in compliance with specific sling Standards or Guidance Notes. <br /><br />
<span>Note: </span><br />
Cable-laid slings should comprise six unit ropes laid as outers over one core unit rope which is 12 but not greater than 25% larger than the nominal diameter of the outer unit ropes. <br />
This 25% is too much, it will be better to change this range in 10 till max. 15%.
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